Item5Appendix2HRA20200064PPPNethy
CAIRNGORMS NATIONAL PARK AUTHORITY Planning Committee Agenda Item 5 Appendix 2 28/08/2020
AGENDA ITEM 5
APPENDIX 2
2020/0064/PPP
HABITATS REGULATIONS APPRAISAL
HABITATS REGULATIONS APPRAISAL
Planning reference and proposal information | 2020/0064/PPP Erection of 20 houses and associated infrastructure at Craigmore road, Nethy Bridge |
Appraised by | Hayley Wiswell (Conservation Officer) Cairngorms National Park Authority |
Date | 21/07/2020 Amended 18/08/2020 following SNH comments Amended outstanding errors 19/08/2020 |
Checked by | Matthew Hawkins |
Date | 21/07/2020 |
INFORMATION | | | | : — — — — — — — — — — — — — - | : — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — - | | European site details | | | Name of European site(s) potentially affected | River Spey SAC
Abernethy Forest SPA
Anagach Woods SPA
Cairngorms SPA
Craigmore Wood SPA
Kinveachy Forest SPA | | Qualifying interest(s) | | | Abernethy Forest SPA | Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
Scottish crossbill (Loxia scotica) | | Anagach Woods SPA | Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) | | Cairngorms SPA | Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)
Merlin (Falco columbarius)
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
Dotterel (Charadrius morinellus)
Scottish crossbill (Loxia scotica)
Peregrine (Falco peregrinus) | | Craigmore Wood SPA | Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) | | Kinveachy Forest SPA | Scottish crossbill (Loxia scotica)
Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) | | River Spey SAC | Freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera)
Otter (Lutra lutra)
Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) | | Conservation objectives for qualifying interests | | | River Spey SAC | To avoid deterioration of the habitats of the qualifying species (listed below), or significant disturbance to the qualifying species, thus ensuring that the integrity of the site is maintained and |
the site makes an appropriate contribution to achieving favourable conservation status for each of the qualifying features; and to ensure for the qualifying species that the following are maintained in the long term: • Distribution of the species within site • Distribution and extent of habitats supporting the species • Structure, function and supporting processes of habitats supporting the species • No significant disturbance of the species • Population of the species as viable component of the site
Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Otter (Lutra lutra)
To avoid deterioration of the habitats of the qualifying species (listed below), or significant disturbance to the qualifying species, thus ensuring that the integrity of the site is maintained and the site makes an appropriate contribution to achieving favourable conservation status for each of the qualifying features; and to ensure for the qualifying species that the following are maintained in the long term: • Distribution of the species within site • Distribution and extent of habitats supporting the species • Structure, function and supporting processes of habitats supporting the species • No significant disturbance of the species • Population of the species, including range of genetic types, as a viable component of the site
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) To avoid deterioration of the habitats of the qualifying species (listed below), or significant disturbance to the qualifying species, thus ensuring that the integrity of the site is maintained and the site makes an appropriate contribution to achieving favourable conservation status for each of the qualifying features; and to ensure for the qualifying species that the following are maintained in the long term: • Distribution of the species within site • Distribution and extent of habitats supporting the species • Structure, function and supporting processes of habitats supporting the species • No significant disturbance of the species • Distribution and viability of freshwater pearl mussel host species • Structure, function and supporting processes of habitats supporting freshwater pearl mussel host species
Freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera)
Abernethy Forest SPA To avoid deterioration of the habitats of the qualifying species (listed below), or significant disturbance to the qualifying species, thus ensuring that the integrity of the site is maintained; and to ensure for the qualifying species that the following are maintained in the long term: • Distribution of the species within site • Distribution and extent of habitats supporting the species • Structure, function and supporting processes of habitats supporting the species
• No significant disturbance of the species • Population of the species as viable component of the site
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Scottish crossbill (Loxia scotica) Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)
Anagach Woods SPA To avoid deterioration of the habitats of the qualifying species (listed below), or significant disturbance to the qualifying species, thus ensuring that the integrity of the site is maintained; and to ensure for the qualifying species that the following are maintained in the long term: • Distribution of the species within site • Distribution and extent of habitats supporting the species • Structure, function and supporting processes of habitats supporting the species • No significant disturbance of the species • Population of the species as viable component of the site
Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)
Cairngorms SPA To avoid deterioration of the habitats of the qualifying species (listed below), or significant disturbance to the qualifying species, thus ensuring that the integrity of the site is maintained; and to ensure for the qualifying species that the following are maintained in the long term: • Distribution of the species within site • Distribution and extent of habitats supporting the species • Structure, function and supporting processes of habitats supporting the species • No significant disturbance of the species • Population of the species as viable component of the site
Scottish crossbill (Loxia scotica) Dotterel (Charadrius morinellus) Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) Peregrine (Falco peregrinus) Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Merlin (Falco columbarius) Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)
Craigmore Wood SPA To avoid deterioration of the habitats of the qualifying species (listed below), or significant disturbance to the qualifying species, thus ensuring that the integrity of the site is maintained; and to ensure for the qualifying species that the following are maintained in the long term: • Distribution of the species within site • Distribution and extent of habitats supporting the species • Structure, function and supporting processes of habitats supporting the species • No significant disturbance of the species • Population of the species as viable component of the site
Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)
Kinveachy Forest SPA To avoid deterioration of the habitats of the qualifying species (listed below), or significant disturbance to the qualifying species, thus ensuring that the integrity of the site is maintained; and to ensure for the qualifying species that the following are maintained in the long term: • Distribution of the species within site • Distribution and extent of habitats supporting the species • Structure, function and supporting processes of habitats supporting the species • No significant disturbance of the species • Population of the species as viable component of the site
Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) Scottish crossbill (Loxia scotica)
APPRAISAL | |
STAGE 1: | |
What is the plan or project? | |
Relevant summary details of proposal (including location, timing, methods, etc) | Planning Permission in Principle sought for housing at a site allocated within the Local Development Plan 2015 – 2020. Erection of 20 houses and associated roads, drainage etc. The proposal is in a Scots pine woodland and does not fall inside an SAC or SPA. |
STAGE 2: | |
Is the plan or project directly connected with or necessary for the management of the European site for nature conservation? | |
No. | |
STAGE 3: | |
Is the plan or project (either alone or in-combination with other plans or projects) likely to have a significant effect on the site(s)? | |
This section considers whether there is connectivity between the proposal and any of the qualifying interests: | | | | : — - | : — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — | | i. | Which qualifying interest are considered to be affected by the proposal and how. | | ii. | Cross references to evidence from other plans/projects with similar effects and/or other relevant information sources. | | iii. | Nature, scale, location, longevity, and reversibility of effects. | | iv. | A brief description of other plans or projects that have connectivity to the same European site and whether there will be an in-combination or cumulative effect. | | v. | Give yes/no conclusion for each interest: | | Abernethy Forest SPA | | | | a. Capercaillie – disturbance to lekking, brood rearing and feeding habitat from
recreational activity. This is due to possible increased. to Recreational activity caused by
residents of the development visits to this SPA. Effect upon the dispersal of species
between SPAs from disturbance to the birds whilst using the woods for this purpose.
Osprey — disturbance to nesting sites
Scottish Crossbill — disturbance to nesting sites and loss of foraging habitat |
b. See HRA for School Wood Development 2013/0119/DET and HRA for Local Development Plan 2015 – 2020 (https://cairngorms.co.uk/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/HRAReportProposed-Plan.pdf C. Effect is permanent d. There are not considered to be any cumulative effects with other live proposals or plans e. Capercaillie – Yes Osprey — No because no nest sites are within distance to development that would generate sufficient additional activity to create a disturbance. Scottish Crossbill – No because this species lives in high canopy of the woodland and there is no evidence that is sensitive to disturbance from ground level activity. Loss of foraging habitat is consider very small compared with that available in the vicinity. | |
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Craigmore Wood SPA | |
i) Capercaillie — disturbance to lekking, brood rearing and feeding habitat from recreational activity. This is due to possible increased. to Recreational activity caused by residents of the development visits to this SPA. Effect upon the dispersal of species between SPAs from disturbance to the birds whilst using the woods for this purpose. | |
ii) See HRA for School Wood Development 2013/0119/DET and HRA for Local Development Plan 2015 – 2020 (https://cairngorms.co.uk/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/HRAReportProposed-Plan.pdf iii) Effect is permanent iv) There are not considered to be any cumulative effects with other live proposals or plans V) Yes | |
Anagach Woods SPA | |
i. Capercaillie — a Likely Significant Effect found for Abernethy Forest SPA and Craigmore Forest SPA or significant disturbance to the species in non-designated pine woodlandThis could have an indirect effect on this SPA through reduced movement of birds into this SPA, reducing the viability of the population. Anagach is particularly dependent on immigration of young birds from surrounding areas. ii. See HRA for School Wood Development 2013/0119/DET and HRA for Local Development Plan 2015 – 2020 (https://cairngorms.co.uk/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/HRAReportProposed-Plan.pdf iii. Effect is permanent iv. There are not considered to be any cumulative effects with other live proposals or plans V. Yes (indirect) capercaillie | |
Cairngorms SPA | |
i. Capercaillie — a Likely Significant Effect found for Abernethy Forest SPA and Craigmore Forest SPA or significant disturbance to the species in non-designated pine woodland This could have an indirect effect on this SPA through reduced movement of birds into this SPA, reducing the viability of the population. Scottish crossbill — development site is not within this SPA and is too far from this SPA to have an effect on these species osprey — development site is not within this SPA and is too far from this SPA to have an effect on these species peregrine — development site is not within this SPA and is too far from this SPA to have |
an effect on these species merlin — development site is not within this SPA and is too far from this SPA to have an effect on these species dotterel- development site is not within this SPA and is too far from this SPA to have an effect on these species golden eagle — development site is not within this SPA and is too far from this SPA to have an effect on these species — ii. See HRA for School Wood Development 2013/0119/DET and HRA for Local Development Plan 2015 – 2020 (https://cairngorms.co.uk/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/HRAReportProposed-Plan.pdf iii. Effect is permanent iv. There are not considered to be any cumulative effects with other live proposals or plans V. Yes (indirect) Capercaillie | |
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Kinveachy Forest SPA | |
i. A Likely Significant Effect found for Abernethy Forest SPA and Craigmore Forest SPA or significant disturbance to the species in non-designated pine woodland This could have an indirect effect on this SPA through reduced movement of birds into this SPA, reducing the viability of the population.. Scottish crossbill – the development site is not within the SPA and is too far away to have an effect on this species ii. See HRA for School Wood Development 2013/0119/DET and HRA for Local Development Plan 2015 – 2020 (https://cairngorms.co.uk/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/HRAReportProposed-Plan.pdf iii. Effect is permanent iv. There are not considered to be any cumulative effects with other live proposals or plans V. Yes (indirect) Capercaillie | |
River Spey SAC | |
The development boundary is bordered by two burns, both of which enter the Allt Mhor and from there the River Spey approximately 2km away. Otter are known to use at least one of these burns for foraging (Caochan Fhurian). Any run-off from the site has potential to effect the River Spey SAC downstream. The proposal has the potential to effect the SAC in the following ways: disturbance to qualifying interests, pollution and siltation during construction, run-off during construction and water abstraction. The Nethy Bridge WWTW will take all wastewater from the development and this will have to comply with SEPA CAR regulations. Therefore there is No Effect on the River Spey from wastewater pollution. | |
i. Otter (disturbance, run-off during construction, run-off during operation); Atlantic salmon (run-off during construction, run-off during operation); Freshwater pearl mussel (run-off during construction, run-off during operation); Sea lamprey (run-off during construction, run-off during operation) ii. See HRA for School Wood Development 2013/0119/DET and HRA for Local Development Plan 2015 – 2020 iii. Disturbance to otter: permanent, pollution and siltation would be construction only and therefore temporary, run-off during operation would be permanent. |
iv. There are not considered to be cumulative effects with other live proposals or plans. V. Yes | |
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STAGE 4: | |
Undertake an Appropriate Assessment of the implications for the site(s) in view of the(ir) conservation objectives | |
Effects taken forward to Appropriate Assessment | |
The following Likely Significant Effects are taken forward to Appropriate Appraisal below: | |
River Spey SAC: run-off during construction, run-off during operation (all features), disturbance to otter (otter only) Abernethy Forest SPA: disturbance to capercaillie Craigmore Wood SPA: disturbance to capercaillie Anagach Woods SPA: disturbance to capercaillie Kinveachy Forest SPA: disturbance capercaillie Cairngorms SPA: disturbance capercaillie | |
Because the site is not within the SAC or within any of the SPAs, only the following conservation objectives will be assessed: | |
• Distribution of the species within site; • No significant disturbance of the species (on the site); Population of the species as viable component of the site; | |
River Spey SAC | |
Otter | |
Otters may be disturbed by construction activity, noise, lighting and other features of the development’s design or by post-construction activity. The eastern edge of the development is approximately 40m from the burn. 50m is normally considered as a minimum standard buffer to prevent disturbance no non-breeding otter habitat. This is usually for temporary disturbance during construction. The otter survey as part of the ecological appraisal was carried out in winter time when otter may not be using the burn regularly. This survey covered an area of only 100m (see page 22 of the Ecological Appraisal¹) and 200m is the standard search area set in SNH guidance². As such important features for otter may have been missed. Otter have been known to use the Allt Mhor for breeding (as indicated by a dog attack on an otter cub on this burn in 2011). There is also potentially suitable breeding habitat further upstream of the site, for example, Culstank Moss. ¹ Astell Associates (2020) Nethy Bridge Craigmore Road Site – Preliminary Ecological Appraisal & Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey ² https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2019 – 10/Species Planning Advice — otter.pdf |
| | Otter activity has been recorded by local naturalists in March, April and May 2020 (camera trap
sightings, spraints and feeding remains) on the Caochan Fhuarain and at a pond in Culstank Moss.
Otters also apparently spraint either side of the road where the Caochan Fhuarain passes
underneath but the culvert is too small for them to pass under the road safety. An increase in
traffic on Craigmore road due to the proposal could put otter at increased risk of traffic collision.
There are two ways the proposal could impact on otter disturbance from people living on the
site prevents access to foraging habitat or prevents access to breeding habitat. The latter would
have a Likely Significant Effect.
A further otter survey was submitted, carried out in May 2020 and included a full 200m survey area
from the site. No resting sites or breeding holts were found. This indicates that otter are not using
this immediate area surrounding the proposal for breeding. Local naturalists reported spraints at
Culstank Moss pond at the time of the May otter survey. The level of activity recorded by local
naturalists so far this year suggests that otter do use this area, but perhaps only one (two at most)
individuals to access foraging habitat in the Caochan Fhuarain burn and ponds in Culstank Moss
further upstream.
• No significant disturbance of the species;
The site is remote from the SAC and there will be no direct disturbance to otter on the River
Spey, either during construction or once the development is complete and inhabited.
As such this conservation objective is met.
• Distribution of the species within site;
The Caochan Fhuarain and drain adjacent to the site are not within the SAC, but ultimately flow
into the Allt Mhor and then into the River Spey.
Pollution (siltation, fuel leaks, un-treated surface water) from the site through run-off during
construction and run-off during operation into the two burns adjacent to the site has potential to
smother and poison invertebrates and amphibians, thus effecting its ability to act as a food supply
for otters, particularly during spring. This could cause otter to avoid using this area. Because the
burns adjacent to the site are not within the SAC, this displacement of individuals would be an
indirect effect – it would cause otter to be displaced to find alternative feeding locations,
potentially effecting territories and resilience of breeding pairs within the SAC.
As such this conservation objective cannot be met and further measures are required to avoid an adverse
effect on site integrity.
• Population of the species as viable component of the site;
Because the Caochan Fhuarain is probably only infrequently used for feeding and not breeding,
temporary disturbance of otter at this location during construction is not likely to be significant in
terms of a knock-on effect on the population of the SAC.
However pollution (siltation, fuel leaks, un-treated surface water) from the site through run-off
during construction and run-off during operation into the two burns adjacent to the site has |
| | potential to smother and poison invertebrates and amphibians, thus effecting its ability to act as a
food supply for otters, particularly during spring. This could cause otter to avoid using this area.
Because the burns adjacent to the site are not within the SAC, this displacement of individuals
would be an indirect effect – it would cause otter to be displaced to find alternative feeding
locations, potentially effecting territories and resilience of breeding pairs. However this is only a
small and localised effect on the local population which forms a part of the much larger River Spey
SAC population
As such this conservation objective is met.
Atlantic Salmon
• No significant disturbance of the species
Salmon are not likely to be using the Caochan Fhuarain but are likely to be present in the Allt
Mhor which this burn runs into.
A pollution event occurring in the Caochan Fhuarain is not likely to directly disturb fish within the
Allt Mhor.
As such this conservation objective is met.
• Distribution of the species within site
During construction, pollution (fuel leaks) and siltation events could enter the burns adjacent to
the site and ultimately the Allt Mhor, leading to poisoning and/or suffocation of fish (juvenile fish
are particularly vulnerable) and therefore changing the distribution of fish in the river by displacing
some fish or causing local fish deaths. Siltation events could smother salmon redds and juvenile
habitat, resulting in local loss of habitat and therefore displacement of fish from key areas.
Untreated run-off from roads and roofs during operation entering the burns adjacent to the site
and ultimately the Allt Mhor could suffocate fish (juvenile fish are particularly vulnerable) and
therefore changing the distribution of fish in the river by displacing some fish or causing local fish
deaths. Siltation events could change breeding habitat, resulting in local loss of habitat and
therefore displacement of fish.
Water abstraction will reduce the quality of available habitat, potentially resulting in displacement
of fish into more suitable habitat.
As such this conservation objective cannot be met and further measures are required to avoid an adverse
effect on site integrity.
• Population of the species, including range of genetic types, as a viable component
of the site
During construction, pollution (fuel leaks) and siltation events could enter the burns adjacent to
the site and ultimately the Allt Mhor, leading to poisoning and/or suffocation of fish (juvenile fish
are particularly vulnerable) and therefore changing the distribution of fish in the river by displacing
some fish or causing local fish deaths. Siltation events could smother salmon redds and juvenile |
| | habitat, resulting in local loss of habitat and therefore displacement of fish from key areas. This
would have a knock-on effect on the local population.
Untreated run-off from roads and roofs during operation entering the burns adjacent to the site
and ultimately the Allt Mhor could suffocate fish (juvenile fish are particularly vulnerable) and
therefore changing the distribution of fish in the river by displacing some fish or causing local fish
deaths. Siltation events could change breeding habitat, resulting in local loss of habitat and
therefore displacement of fish from key areas. This would have a knock-on effect on the local
population.
Water abstraction will reduce the quality of available habitat, potentially resulting in displacement
of fish into more suitable habitat. This would have a knock-on effect on the local population, with
less habitat available to support the population.
As such this conservation objective cannot be met and further measures are required to avoid an adverse
effect on site integrity.
Sea Lamprey
• No significant disturbance of the species
Sea lamprey are only known to be present on the main stem of the River Spey. A pollution event
on the Caochan Fhuarain adjacent to the site is not likely to directly disturb sea lamprey on the
River Spey.
As such this conservation objective is met.
• Distribution of the species within site
During construction, pollution (fuel leaks) and siltation events could enter the burns adjacent to
the site and ultimately the Allt Mhor, leading to poisoning and/or suffocation of lamprey (juvenile
lamprey are particularly vulnerable) and therefore changing the distribution of lamprey in the river
by displacing individuals or causing local deaths. Siltation events could smother breeding and
juvenile habitat, resulting in local loss of habitat and therefore displacement of lamprey from key
areas.
Untreated run-off from roads and roofs during operation entering the burns adjacent to the site
and ultimately the Allt Mhor could suffocate lamprey therefore changing the distribution of lamprey
in the river by displacing individuals or causing local deaths. Siltation events could change breeding
habitat, resulting in local loss of resources and therefore displacement of fish from parts of their range.
Water abstraction will reduce the quality of available habitat, potentially resulting in displacement
of lamprey into more suitable habitat.
As such this conservation objective cannot be met and further measures are required to avoid an adverse
effect on site integrity.
• Population of the species, including range of genetic types, as a viable component
of the site |
| | During construction, pollution (fuel leaks) and siltation events could enter the burns adjacent to
the site and ultimately the Allt Mhor, leading to poisoning and/or suffocation of lamprey and
therefore changing the distribution of the species in the river. Siltation events could smother
breeding/juvenile habitat, resulting in local loss of breeding resource and therefore displacement of
fish from key areas. This would have a knock-on effect on the local population.
Untreated run-off from roads and roofs during operation entering the burns adjacent to the site
and ultimately the Allt Mhor could suffocate lamprey and therefore changing the distribution of
individuals in the river by displacing some or causing local deaths. Siltation events could change
breeding habitat, resulting in local loss of habitat and therefore cause displacement of the species.
This would have a knock-on effect on the local population.
Water abstraction will reduce the quality of available habitat, potentially resulting in displacement
of fish into more suitable habitat. This would have a knock-on effect on the local population, with
less habitat available to support the population.
As such this conservation objective cannot be met and further measures are required to avoid an adverse
effect on site integrity.
Fresh water pearl mussel
• No significant disturbance of the species
It is not likely that there will be direct disturbance of mussels on the River Spey due to the distance
of the proposal area from known populations of on the Spey.
As such this conservation objective is met.
• Distribution of the species within site
There are not considered to be pearl mussels on the Allt Mhor, the closest part of the River Spey
SAC to the site (which is connected to the site by the two drains on the east and west boundaries
of the site). The nearest mussels are on the main stem of the River Spey, downstream of Nethy
Bridge, at Grantown-on-Spey.
A significant pollution event (through silt and fuel run-off during construction or untreated
roads/roof run-off during operation) has the potential to poison pearl mussels downstream or to
smother mussel beds, affecting the distribution of the species through loss of individuals and
suitable habitat.
Water abstraction will reduce the quality of available habitat, potentially resulting in displacement
of mussels from habitat which was previously considered suitable.
As such this conservation objective cannot be met and further measures are required to avoid an adverse
effect on site integrity.
• Population of the species, including range of genetic types, as a viable component
of the site |
| | During construction, pollution (fuel leaks) and siltation events could enter the burns adjacent to
the site and ultimately the Allt Mhor, leading to poisoning and/or suffocation of mussel beds and | | : — — — — — — — — — — — - | : — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —